Trust Fund Recovery Penalty attorney at Brotman Law

Payroll Tax Defense

Trust Fund Recovery Penalty
Protect Your Personal Assets From Business Tax Debt.

The IRS can hold you personally liable for unpaid payroll taxes through the trust fund recovery penalty. We defend business owners, officers, and managers against IRC 6672 assessments and protect personal assets.

Sam Brotman, J.D., LL.M.|Last updated April 2026

Key Takeaway

The trust fund recovery penalty (TFRP) under IRC 6672 is a personal liability assessment the IRS can impose on any individual responsible for collecting and remitting payroll taxes — including business owners, officers, and even bookkeepers — when those taxes go unpaid. The penalty equals 100% of the unpaid trust fund portion (employee withholding for income tax and FICA), and it cannot be discharged in bankruptcy. Call Brotman Law at (619) 378-3138 for a free intro call if you are facing TFRP liability.

The Trust Fund Recovery Penalty: When Business Tax Becomes Personal Liability

When a business fails to remit withheld employment taxes to the IRS, the consequences go far beyond the business entity. Under IRC § 6672, the IRS can assess a "trust fund recovery penalty" (TFRP) against any individual who was responsible for collecting, accounting for, or paying the withheld taxes and who willfully failed to do so. This penalty equals 100% of the unpaid trust fund taxes — the employee's share of Social Security, Medicare, and withheld income taxes.

The TFRP pierces the corporate veil. It is assessed personally against individuals, not the business entity. Your personal bank accounts, home, investment accounts, and other assets are all at risk. The IRS can levy your personal wages, seize your personal bank accounts, and file liens against your personal property to collect the TFRP.

Who Is a "Responsible Person" ?

The IRS defines a "responsible person" broadly. You may be considered responsible if you had the authority to sign checks, you had the authority to determine which creditors to pay, you were an officer or director of the corporation, you were a partner or member with management authority, you were a bookkeeper or accountant with check-signing authority, or you had any other role that gave you control over the business's financial decisions.

The IRS can assess the TFRP against multiple individuals for the same tax periods. They often cast a wide net, targeting owners, officers, managers, bookkeepers, and even family members who had any involvement in the business's finances.

The Form 4180 Interview

Before assessing the TFRP, the IRS conducts a "responsible person interview" using Form 4180. This interview is conducted by a revenue officer and covers your role in the business, your authority over financial decisions, your knowledge of the unpaid taxes, and whether you directed payments to other creditors instead of the IRS. Your answers to these questions directly determine whether you will be assessed the penalty.

This interview is one of the most critical moments in a TFRP case. Without representation, individuals often provide answers that inadvertently establish both responsibility and willfulness. At Brotman Law, we prepare clients for Form 4180 interviews, attend the interview as your representative, and ensure that your answers accurately reflect your role without unnecessary admissions.

The "Willfulness" Requirement

The IRS must prove both responsibility and willfulness to sustain a TFRP assessment. Willfulness does not require intent to defraud or evade. The IRS merely needs to show that you knew or should have known that the trust fund taxes were not being paid and that you used the funds for other business purposes instead. Paying rent, utilities, suppliers, or other creditors while trust fund taxes remain unpaid can establish willfulness. Even in cases where the business was in financial distress, the IRS's position is that trust fund taxes must be paid before any other obligations.

At Brotman Law, we defend against TFRP assessments by challenging both responsibility and willfulness. We have successfully established that our clients lacked actual authority over financial decisions, were unaware of the tax delinquency, or were not the persons who directed payments to other creditors.

TFRP Defense Services

How We Defend Against Trust Fund Penalties

Form 4180 Interview Preparation

We prepare you for the responsible person interview, attend as your representative, and ensure your answers do not create unnecessary liability.

Responsible Person Defense

We challenge the IRS's determination that you were a responsible person by demonstrating limited authority, lack of financial control, or subordinate role.

Willfulness Defense

We demonstrate that you were unaware of the unpaid taxes, did not make the decision to pay other creditors first, or took reasonable steps to address the delinquency.

IRS Appeals Protest

If the TFRP is assessed, we file a formal protest and represent you before IRS Appeals for independent review of the determination.

Collection Defense

We negotiate installment agreements, offers in compromise, and other collection alternatives to resolve the personal liability while protecting your assets.

Multi-Party Allocation

When multiple individuals are assessed, we work to demonstrate that other parties bore primary responsibility, reducing or eliminating your personal exposure.

TFRP In Depth

Understanding Trust Fund Recovery Penalties

What taxes are included in the trust fund recovery penalty?

The TFRP only applies to the 'trust fund' portion of employment taxes — the taxes withheld from employees' paychecks. This includes the employee's share of Social Security tax (6.2%), the employee's share of Medicare tax (1.45%), and federal income tax withholding. It does not include the employer's matching share of Social Security and Medicare. These withheld amounts are called 'trust fund' taxes because the employer holds them in trust for the government. The penalty equals 100% of the unpaid trust fund portion, so it is not really a 'penalty' in the traditional sense — it is a personal liability for the full amount of the withheld taxes that were not remitted.

How does the IRS determine who is a responsible person?

The IRS looks at several factors: authority to sign checks and make financial decisions, role in determining which creditors to pay, status as an officer, director, or shareholder, actual involvement in the business's day-to-day financial operations, and authority to hire and fire employees. The determination is based on actual authority and actions, not just titles. A person with the title of 'Vice President' who had no actual financial authority may not be responsible, while a bookkeeper who signed checks and decided payment priorities could be. The IRS uses Form 4180 interviews, bank signature cards, corporate minutes, and other evidence to make this determination.

What does willfulness mean in the context of TFRP?

Willfulness for TFRP purposes has a lower threshold than criminal tax willfulness. It means a voluntary, conscious, and intentional act — specifically, the decision to use trust fund money for purposes other than paying the IRS. The IRS does not need to prove intent to evade or defraud. Simply knowing that trust fund taxes were due and using the money to pay rent, suppliers, or other business expenses instead is sufficient. Reckless disregard for whether trust fund taxes were being paid can also establish willfulness. However, if you can show that you had no knowledge of the delinquency, were misled by others, or took affirmative steps to ensure the taxes were paid, you may defeat the willfulness element.

Can I challenge a TFRP assessment after it has been made?

Yes. After the TFRP is assessed, you have several options. You can file a formal protest with IRS Appeals within 60 days of the proposed assessment (Letter 1153). You can pay the penalty for one employee for one quarter and file a refund claim, then sue in federal District Court if the claim is denied (the 'divisible tax' strategy). You can also negotiate collection alternatives like installment agreements or offers in compromise. The Appeals process provides an independent review and often results in modification or reversal of the assessment. The District Court option provides a full de novo trial.

How can I prevent TFRP liability as a business owner?

Prevention requires proactive measures. Use a reputable payroll service that handles tax deposits. Verify that payroll taxes are being deposited every pay period by checking your EFTPS account. Separate payroll tax funds in a dedicated bank account. Review IRS transcripts quarterly to confirm all deposits are credited. If you become aware of a shortfall, prioritize trust fund taxes above all other creditors. Document any steps you take to address delinquencies. If you are joining a company as an officer or director, conduct due diligence on the company's payroll tax compliance before accepting the role.

Why Brotman Law

Why Choose Brotman Law for TFRP Defense

Form 4180 Interview Expertise

The interview is often the most consequential moment in a TFRP case. We prepare you thoroughly and attend as your representative to protect your interests.

Dual Defense Strategy

We attack both prongs of the TFRP — responsibility and willfulness — to maximize the chance of eliminating your personal liability entirely.

Business Owner Perspective

We understand business operations and can explain to the IRS why your role was limited, why you relied on others, and why you lacked the authority or knowledge the IRS assumes.

Multi-Defendant Coordination

When multiple individuals are assessed, we strategically position your case relative to other parties to demonstrate that primary responsibility lies elsewhere.

Collection Resolution

If the TFRP cannot be fully eliminated, we immediately transition to resolving the personal liability through the most favorable collection alternative available.

Preventive Advice

For ongoing businesses, we advise on payroll tax compliance structures that prevent future TFRP exposure for owners, officers, and key employees.

Proven Results

The Numbers Behind Our Work

1,500+

Clients Represented

$500M+

In Tax Debt Resolved

25+

Years of Experience

See how we have helped clients just like you. View our results →

Client Testimonials

What Our Clients Say

Real results from real clients who trusted us with their tax problems.

★★★★★

“I was assessed a $340,000 trust fund penalty as the CFO of a company that failed. Brotman Law proved at Appeals that I was not the person who directed payments to other creditors, and the penalty was fully reversed.”

$340K TFRP Eliminated— R.C., Former CFO in Sorrento Valley

★★★★★

“The IRS tried to hold me liable for my business partner's failure to remit payroll taxes. Sam's team prepared me for the Form 4180 interview and established that I had no authority over the bank accounts. No assessment was made.”

TFRP Assessment Prevented— G.F., Business Partner in Mission Valley

★★★★★

“After my restaurant closed, the IRS came after me personally for $128,000 in trust fund penalties. Brotman Law negotiated an offer in compromise on my personal liability for $12,000. They saved my family's financial future.”

TFRP Settled for 9 Cents— M.A., Former Restaurant Owner in North Park

Free Guide

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Related Services

Case Study

$412K Personal TFRP Assessment — Owner Fully Exonerated

The IRS assessed trust fund recovery penalties of $412,000 against the owner of a California staffing company for unpaid employee withholding taxes. The company’s bookkeeper had been responsible for processing payroll and making federal tax deposits — but had quietly stopped making deposits for over a year, diverting funds to cover other business expenses without the owner’s knowledge. The IRS Revenue Officer determined the owner was a “responsible person” under IRC §6672 because he was a signatory on the company’s bank accounts, had general authority over financial affairs, and was listed as the sole officer on corporate filings. The proposed TFRP would have made the owner personally liable for $412,000 — money that would come from personal assets, not the business. We mounted a comprehensive defense challenging both the “responsible person” and “willfulness” elements required under IRC §6672. We demonstrated that the owner had reasonably delegated payroll responsibilities to a qualified bookkeeper with 15 years of experience and a clean professional record. We provided the written job description, delegation of authority documents, and the bookkeeper’s professional credentials. We showed the owner had no actual knowledge of the delinquency — the bookkeeper had been providing falsified deposit confirmations. The moment the owner discovered the problem during a routine bank reconciliation, he terminated the bookkeeper, personally made the next payroll deposit, and contacted a tax attorney within 48 hours. We also identified the bookkeeper as the truly “responsible person” — the individual who had day-to-day control over disbursements and made the conscious decision to stop paying employment taxes.

The IRS agreed. The TFRP assessment against the owner was fully reversed. The bookkeeper was assessed the trust fund recovery penalty as the responsible person.

Details have been changed to protect client confidentiality. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome.

Frequently Asked Questions

Trust Fund Recovery Penalty FAQs

What is the trust fund recovery penalty?

The trust fund recovery penalty (TFRP) under IRC section 6672 allows the IRS to hold individuals personally liable for unpaid employment taxes that were withheld from employees but not remitted to the IRS. The penalty equals 100% of the unpaid trust fund taxes and is assessed against any person deemed both responsible for the taxes and willful in failing to pay them.

Who can be held personally liable for payroll taxes?

Any person with authority over a business's financial decisions can be considered a responsible person, including owners, officers, directors, partners, bookkeepers with check-signing authority, and managers who determine which creditors to pay. The IRS assesses the TFRP against individuals, not the business entity, and can assess it against multiple people for the same liability.

What is the Form 4180 interview?

Form 4180 is the IRS's responsible person interview questionnaire. A revenue officer will ask you about your role in the business, your authority over financial decisions, your knowledge of unpaid taxes, and whether you directed payments to other creditors. Your answers are used to determine whether you meet the responsible person and willfulness tests. You have the right to have an attorney present.

Can I fight a trust fund recovery penalty?

Yes. You can challenge the determination before assessment through a formal protest to IRS Appeals. After assessment, you can pay the minimum divisible amount (one employee for one quarter) and sue for a refund in federal District Court. You can also negotiate collection alternatives like installment agreements or offers in compromise. Many TFRP assessments are reduced or eliminated through Appeals.

What if my bookkeeper or partner was actually responsible?

You can present evidence showing that the other person had primary authority over financial decisions, controlled the bank accounts, and made the decisions to pay other creditors instead of the IRS. The IRS can assess the TFRP against multiple people, but demonstrating that someone else bore primary responsibility strengthens your defense against personal liability.

Does the trust fund penalty have a statute of limitations?

The IRS generally has three years from the date the trust fund tax return was filed to assess the TFRP. Once assessed, the IRS has 10 years to collect. There are exceptions that can extend these periods, including fraudulent returns, failure to file, and certain agreements. The collection statute is important because it determines how long the IRS can pursue your personal assets.